
Joseph Priestley, 1733–1804
This past weekend was a busy one with lots of family obligations and so forth — not the kind of weekend where I would normally expect to get much reading done at all. Let alone read an entire NONFICTION book from start to finish. Whoa!
The Invention of Air proclaims itself to be “A Story of Science, Faith, Revolution, and the Birth of America” — and so it is: all wrapped up in the biography of a single man, Joseph Priestley. If this book were just a biography, it still would be awesome. Priestley, you may recall, is best-known for having “discovered” oxygen, but it turns out he did much more than that. He also invented soda water, discovered the carbon cycle, founded the Unitarian Church, and profoundly influenced both Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. In addition, he was a generous, warm-hearted, affable gentleman who preferred to spend his evenings playing chess with his wife or romping on the lawn with his kids.
This book is chock full of charming details like that, but it also paints a much broader picture in attempting to answer the question of how one single individual came to be so important in so many different, seemingly-unrelated ways. Johnson not only traces the intellectual, cultural, social and political trends that led to the Age of Enlightenment, but he actually goes back as far as the Carboniferous era (!) in his quest to figure out how and why a phenomenon like Priestley arose. If you are familiar with the fabulous TV series Connections, this is very much in the same vein.
I have long been fascinated by eighteenth and nineteenth century scientists. I just love the idea of those “natural philosphers” — gentlemen, usually, who spent their leisure time studying the world around them, dissecting their specimens, experimenting with electricity, making careful notes in their diaries, and presenting their findings at the Royal Society. Johnson talks about that:
[T]he networked, caffeinated minds of the eighteenth century found themselves in a universe that was ripe for discovery. The everyday world was teeming with mysterious phenomena — air, fire, animals, plants, rocks, weather — that had never before been probed with the conceptual tools of the scientific method. This sense of terra incognita also helps explain why Priestley could be so innovative in so many different disciplines, and why Enlightenment culture in general spawned so many distinct paradigm shifts. Amateur dabblers could make transformative scientific discoveries because the history of each field was an embarrassing lineage of conjecture and superstition. Every discipline was suddenly new again. (55)
And he goes on to quote Priestley himself, who wrote:
In electricity, in particular, there is a greatest room to make new discoveries. It is a field but just opened, and requires no great slock of particular preparatory knowledge; so that any person who is tolerably well versed in experimental philosophy may presently be upon a level with the most experienced electricians. (55)
When I first read that, I thought too bad we don’t have that any more. Science has become so specialized there is no way one person could “dabble” like that, these days. But it’s a funny thing, because here I am, a fortyish soccer mom and “amateur dabbler” in that “field but just opened,” the internet. I’m self-taught, through experimental trial and error, just like Priestley. I’ve gotten to be pretty handy with HTML, CSS, and PHP and I’ve just started writing my first WordPress plugin. If I’m successful, I’ll release it to the “networked, caffeinated minds” of the twenty-first century and it’ll become part of the great flow of information that Johnson describes.
But, I digress. As I was saying, The Invention of Air is not only fascinating in the way it draws together such disparate threads, but it’s also incredibly entertaining. The author is a journalist, not a historian, and despite the academic-ish subject matter, it reads effortlessly. The footnotes are well hidden, and it’s clearly intended for a lay audience. I don’t know if an actual historian (or chemist or theologian) would quibble with the author on any of the points he raises, but it all made sense and sounded good to me!
And I must say, the book is beautifully designed. The text is light on the page, with generous margins & leading, and soft creamy paper. Yum!